Start with the webcam test. If the camera works there, the hardware is fine and the problem is the app's permissions or settings. If it doesn't work there either, go through the fixes below in order.
Fixes that work on every device
Close other apps using the camera
Usually only one app can use a camera at a time. Quit Zoom, Teams, Skype, FaceTime, OBS, Discord and any browser tabs with video calls, then try again.
Check the privacy shutter and camera key
Many laptops have a sliding cover over the camera or a key with a camera symbol (often F8, F10 or F12) that turns it off. Some HP, Lenovo and Dell laptops show a white dot or cross on the lens when it is blocked.
Allow the camera in your browser
Click the camera or lock icon in the address bar and choose Allow. If you previously blocked it, the browser won't ask again until you change this.
Restart
Restart the browser, then the computer. It clears a camera that another app has frozen.
Windows 10 and 11
- Open Settings > Privacy & security > Camera. Turn on Camera access, Let apps access your camera, and Let desktop apps access your camera.
- Open Device Manager, expand Cameras (or Imaging devices). If you see a warning icon, right-click the camera and choose Update driver, or Uninstall device, then restart.
- Check your antivirus. Some block camera access by default.
Mac
- Open System Settings > Privacy & Security > Camera and turn on your browser or app. Quit and reopen it afterwards.
- If no app can see the camera, restart the Mac. On a desktop Mac, try a different USB port or cable for an external webcam.
iPhone and iPad
- Settings > Safari > Camera > Allow. For Chrome or another browser, find that app in Settings and turn on Camera.
- Check Settings > Screen Time > Content & Privacy Restrictions, where Camera can be switched off.
Android
- In Chrome, tap the icon left of the address > Permissions > Camera > Allow.
- Settings > Apps > Chrome > Permissions > Camera > Allow only while using the app.
- Some phones have a camera privacy toggle in Quick Settings. Make sure it is off.
The camera works but looks bad
Dark, blurry or choppy video usually means low light. Webcams slow down in dim rooms to collect more light. Check the FPS test, add light in front of you, and wipe the lens. Use the resolution test to see whether your camera is running at full quality.